Linux Commands List

Hardware Information Commands

Hardware information commands help provide insight into various hardware devices on the system. Use these commands to check hardware information and see hardware device statuses.

See CPU information.
```
lscpu
```
See information about block devices.
```
lsblk
```
Show PCI devices (graphics card, network card, etc.) in a tree-like diagram.
```
lspci -tv
```
Display USB devices in a tree-like diagram.
```
lsusb -tv
```
List hardware configuration information.
```
lshw
```
Show detailed CPU information.
```
cat /proc/cpuinfo
```
View detailed system memory information.
```
cat /proc/meminfo
```
See mounted file systems.
```
cat /proc/mounts
```
Display free and used memory.
```
free -h
```
Show hardware information from the BIOS.
```
sudo dmidecode
```
Display disk data information.
```
hdparm -i /dev/[device_name]
```
Conduct a read speed test on the device/disk.
```
hdparm -tT /dev/[device_name]
```
Test for unreadable blocks on the device/disk.
```
badblocks -s /dev/[device_name]
```
Run a disk check on an unmounted disk or partition.
```
fsck /dev/[device_name]
```

Searching Commands

Linux offers various commands to search for files, directories, and text. Use these commands to search for files and directories on the system and filter the search using various patterns.

Find files and directories that match the specified pattern in a specified location.
```
find [path] -name [search_pattern]
```
See files and directories larger than a specified size in a directory.
```
find [path] -size [+100M]
```
Search for a specific pattern in a file with grep.
```
grep [search_pattern] [file_name]
```
Recursively search for a pattern in a directory.
```
grep -r [search_pattern] [directory_name]
```
Locate all files and directories related to a particular name.
```
locate [name]
```
Search the command path in the $PATH environment variable.
```
which [command]
```
Use the whereis command to find the source, binary, and manual page for a command.
```
whereis [command]
```
Print all lines matching a pattern in a file. See also the gawk command, the GNU version of awk.
```
awk '[search_pattern] {print $0}' [file_name]
```

Find and replace text in a specified file.

sed 's/[old_text]/[new_text]/' [file_name]

Note

Some commands are not recommended to use. Learn about them in our list of dangerous Linux commands.

File Commands

File commands help with file and directory management on the system. Create, delete, move, and modify files and directories from the terminal using the commands in the following table.

Create a new directory.
```
mkdir [directory_name]
```
Remove a file.
```
rm [file_name]
```
Remove a directory recursively.
```
rm -r [directory_name]
```
Recursively remove a directory without requiring confirmation.
```
rm -rf [directory_name]
```
Copy the contents of one file to another file using the cp command.
```
cp [source_file] [destination_file]
```
Recursively copy a directory to a second directory.
```
cp -r [source_directory] [destination_directory]
```
Move or rename files or directories.
```
mv [source_file] [destination_file]
```
Create a symbolic link to a file.
```
ln -s [path]/[file_name] [link_name]
```
Create a new file using touch.
```
touch [file_name]
```
Show the contents of a file.
```
cat [file_name]
```

Append file contents to another file.

cat [source_file] >> [destination_file]

Show the first ten lines of a file.
```
head [file_name]
```
Show the last ten lines of a file with the tail command.
```
tail [file_name]
```
Display contents of a file page by page.
```
more [file_name]
```
Show the contents of a file with navigation using the less command.
```
less [file_name]
```
Open or create a file using the nano text editor.
```
nano [file_name]
```
Open or create a file using the Vi/Vim text editor.
```
vi [file_name]
```
```
vim [file_name]
```
Encrypt a file.
```
gpg -c [file_name]
```
Decrypt an encrypted .gpg file.
```
gpg [file_name].gpg
```
Show the number of words, lines, and bytes in a file using wc.
```
wc -w [file_name]
```
List the number of lines/words/characters in each file in a directory with the xargs command.
```
ls | xargs wc
```
Cut a section of a file and print the result to standard output.
```
cut -d [delimiter] [file_name]
```
Cut a section of piped data and print the result to standard output.
```
[data] | cut -d [delimiter]
```
Overwrite a file to prevent its recovery, then delete it.
```
shred -u [file_name]
```
Compare two files and display differences.
```
diff [first_file] [second_file]
```
Read and execute the file content in the current shell.
```
source [file_name]
```
Store the command output in a file and skip the terminal output.
```
[command] | tee [file_name] >/dev/null
```

Note

Want to read more about file creation? Check out our article about how to create a file in Linux using the command line. And if you want to find out how to determine the type of a file and its data, read the Linux file command article.

Directory navigation commands provide shortcuts to navigate to the desired location quickly. Below are several crucial shortcuts to remember when navigating directories in Linux through the terminal.

List files and directories in the current directory.
```
ls
```
List all files and directories in the current directory (shows hidden files).
```
ls -a
```
List files and directories in long format.
```
ls -l
```
Show the directory you are currently working in.
```
pwd
```
Change directory to $HOME.
```
cd
```
```
cd ~
```
Move up one directory level.
```
cd ..
```
Change to the previous directory.
```
cd -
```
Change location to a specified directory.
```
cd [directory_path]
```
Show current directory stack.
```
dirs
```

File Compression Commands

Archive and compress files to save space on your system and organize your data. There are various compression formats available on Linux, and the table below shows the most commonly used file compression commands.

Archive an existing file or directory.
```
tar cf [archive.tar] [file/directory]
```
Extract an archived file.
```
tar xf [archive.tar]
```
Create a .gz compressed tar archive.
```
tar czf [archive.tar.gz]
```
Compress or decompress .gz files.
```
gzip [file_name]
```
```
gunzip [file_name.gz]
```

Compress or decompress .bz2 files.

bzip2 [file_name]

bunzip2 [file_name.bz2]

Note

For a more comprehensive overview of how to use tar refer to our guide tar Command in Linux With Examples. See also how to unzip tar.bz2 files.

File Transfer Commands

Depending on the transfer method and protocol, Linux has various file transfer commands. Use these commands to quickly transfer files between two remote machines or to download files from web servers.

Copy a file to a server directory securely using the Linux scp command.
```
scp [source_file] [user]@[remote_host]:[destination_path]
```
Synchronize the contents of a directory with a backup directory using the rsync command.
```
rsync -a [source_directory] [user]@[remote_host]:[destination_directory]
```
Download files from FTP or web servers via the wget command.
```
wget [link]
```
Transfer data to or from a server with various protocols using the curl command.
```
curl -O [link]
```
Transfer files between local and remote systems interactively using FTP.
```
ftp [remote_host]
```
Securely transfer between local and remote hosts using SFTP.
```
sftp [user]@[remote_host]
```

User and Group Commands

Linux is a multiuser system, and there are various commands to add, modify, remove, and manage users and groups. The table below outlines the critical user and group commands.

See details about the active users.
```
id
```
Show the last system logins.
```
last
```
Display who is currently logged into the system with the who command.
```
who
```
Show which users are logged in and their activity with the w command.
```
w
```
Show user information.
```
finger [user_name]
```
Create a new user account.
```
sudo useradd [user_name]
```
Create a new user account through the adduser command interface.
```
sudo adduser [user_name]
```
Delete a user account.
```
sudo userdel [user_name]
```
Modify user information (add a user to a group).
```
sudo usermod -aG [group_name] [user_name]
```
Change the current user's password or another user's password with the passwd command.
```
passwd
```
```
sudo passwd [user_name]
```
Add a new group.
```
sudo groupadd [group_name]
```
Delete a group.
```
sudo groupdel [group_name]
```
Modify a user group (change group name).
```
sudo groupmod -n [new_name] [old_name]
```
Temporarily elevate user privileges to superuser or root using the sudo command.
```
sudo [command]
```
Switch the user account or become a superuser.
```
su - [user_name]
```
Change file or directory group.
```
chgrp [group_name] [file/directory]
```

Package Installation Commands

Specific package manager commands vary between different Linux distributions. Choose the commands that match your specific distribution.

Debian and Ubuntu-Based Distributions

Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions use the apt-get, apt, and dpkg commands to manage packages. Below are crucial commands necessary to install packages on these systems.

Install an APT package using the apt-get package utility.
```
sudo apt-get install [package_name]
```
Install an APT package using a newer APT package manager.
```
sudo apt install [package_name]
```
Search for a package in the APT repositories.
```
apt search [keyword]
```
List packages installed with APT.
```
apt list
```
Show information about a package.
```
apt show [package_name]
```
Install a .deb package with the Debian package manager (dpkg command).
```
sudo dpkg -i [package_name.deb]
```
List packages installed with dpkg.
```
sudo dpkg -l
```

Red Hat-Based Distributions (CentOS, Fedora)

Red Hat-based distributions, including CentOS and Fedora, use the yum, dnf, and rpm commands for package installation. The table below provides the syntax for each option.

Install a package using the YUM package manager.
```
sudo yum install [package_name]
```
Find a package in the YUM repositories based on the provided keyword.
```
yum search [keyword]
```
List all packages installed with YUM.
```
yum list installed
```
Show package information for a package.
```
yum info [package_name]
```
Install a package using the DNF package manager.
```
sudo dnf install [package_name]
```
Install a .rpm package from a local file.
```
sudo rpm -i [package_name.rpm]
```

Note

See our detailed comparison between RPM vs. YUM.

Universal Linux Packages

Universal Linux packages are distribution-independent package collections. The two most popular options that come preinstalled on many systems are snap and flatpak commands. Alternatively, most programs offer the option to install from source. The table below shows the syntax for each listed option.

Install software from source code.

tar zxvf [file_name.tar.gz]

cd [extracted_directory]

./configure make

make install

Install a Snap package.
```
sudo snap install [package_name]
```
Search for a package in the Snap store.
```
sudo snap find [keyword]
```
List installed Snap packages.
```
sudo snap list
```
Install a Flatpak package.
```
flatpak install [package_name]
```
Search for a Flatpak application in repositories.
```
flatpak search [keyword]
```
List installed Flatpack packages.
```
flatpak list
```

Note

Check out our comparison between three popular distribution-independent package formats: Flatpak vs. Snap vs. Appimage.

Every application and command in Linux creates a process. The table below shows various process-related commands to help manage Linux processes.

List active processes.
```
ps
```
Show processes in a tree-like diagram.
```
pstree
```
Display a memory usage map of processes.
```
pmap
```
See all running processes.
```
top
```
Interactive and colorful process viewer.
```
htop
```
Terminate a Linux process under a given ID.
```
kill [process_id]
```
Terminate a process under a specific name.
```
pkill [process_name]
```
Terminate all processes with a given label.
```
killall [label]
```
List processes based on the provided keyword.
```
prgrep [keyword]
```
Show the PID of a process.
```
pidof [process_name]
```
List and resume stopped jobs in the background.
```
bg
```
Bring the most recently suspended job to the foreground.
```
fg
```
Bring a particular job to the foreground.
```
fg [job]
```
List files opened by running processes with lsof command.
```
lsof
```
Catch a system error signal in a shell script. Executes provided commands when the signal is caught.
```
trap "[commands]" [signal]
```
Pause the terminal or a Bash script until a running process is completed.
```
wait
```
Run a Linux process in the background.
```
nohup [command] &
```

Note

If you want to learn more about shell jobs, how to terminate jobs or keep them running after you log off, check out our article on how to use disown command.

System Management and Information Commands

Use the terminal to manage the system directly. The commands show how to view basic system information, change options, and reboot or restart the system.

Show system information via uname command.
```
uname -r
```
See kernel release information.
```
uname -a
```
Display system uptime, including the load average.
```
uptime
```
View system hostname.
```
hostname
```
Show the IP address of the system.
```
hostname -i 
```
List system reboot history.
```
last reboot
```
See current time and date.
```
date
```
Query and change the system clock.
```
timedatectl
```
Show current calendar (month and day).
```
cal
```
List logged-in users.
```
w
```
See which user you are using.
```
whoami
```
Show information about a particular user.
```
finger [user_name]
```
View or limit system resource amounts.
```
ulimit [flags] [limit]
```
Schedule a system shutdown.
```
shutdown [hh:mm]
```
Shut down the system immediately.
```
shutdown now
```
Add a new kernel module.
```
modprobe [module_name]
```
Show bootup messages.
```
dmesg
```

Disk Usage Commands

Disk usage commands provide insight into disk space status. You can use the df and du commands to check disk space in Linux. Common disk usage commands are outlined in the table below.

Check free and used space on mounted systems.
```
df -h
```
Show free inodes on mounted file systems.
```
df -i
```
Display disk partitions, sizes, and types with the command.
```
fdisk -l
```
See disk usage for all files and directories.
```
du -ah
```
Show disk usage of the current directory.
```
du -sh
```
Show currently mounted file systems.
```
mount
```
Display target mount point for all file systems.
```
findmnt
```
Mount a device.
```
mount [device_path] [mount_point]
```

SSH commands enable connecting to a remote host using the SSH protocol. Other commands use this protocol for copying and transferring files between two systems.

See the table below for common SSH commands. For a detailed explanation of SSH Linux Commands, refer to our SSH Commands in Linux tutorial.

Connect to a remote host as a user via SSH.
```
ssh [user_name]@[remote_host]
```
Securely connect to a host via SSH default port 22.
```
ssh [host]
```
Connect to the host using a particular port.
```
ssh -p [port] [user_name]@[remote_host]
```
Generate SSH key pairs.
```
ssh-keygen
```
Start SSH server daemon.
```
sudo service sshd start
```
Securely copy files between local and remote systems via SSH.
```
scp [file_name] [user_name]@[remote_host]:[remote_path]
```
Interactive file transfer over encrypted SSH session using SFTP protocol.
```
sftp [user_name]@[remote_host]
```
Connect to the host via Telnet default port 23.
```
telnet [host]
```

File Permission Commands

File permission commands control user permissions over files and directories. Use these commands to change and manage the owner, group, and user permissions on the system.

Assign read, write, and execute file permission to everyone (rwxrwxrwx).
```
chmod 777 [file_name]
```
Give read, write, and execute permission to owner, and read and execute permission to group and others (rwxr-xr-x).
```
chmod 755 [file_name]
```
Assign full permission to the owner, and read and write permission to the group and others (rwxrw-rw-).
```
chmod 766 [file_name]
```
Change the ownership of a file with chown command.
```
chown [user_name] [file_name]
```
Change the owner and group ownership of a file.
```
chown [user_name]:[group_name] [file_name]
```

Note

To recursively change file permissions inside multiple directories, see our chmod recursive guide.

Network Commands

The table below shows a brief list of common Linux network commands. For a more comprehensive list, check out our Linux Network Commands Cheat Sheet.

List IP addresses and network interfaces.
```
ip addr show
```
Assign an IP address to interface eth0.
```
ip address add [IP_address]
```
Display IP addresses of all network interfaces.
```
ifconfig
```
Ping remote host.
```
ping [remote_host]
```
See active (listening) ports with the netstat command.
```
netstat -pnltu
```
Show TCP and UDP ports and their programs.
```
netstat -tuln
```
Display more information about a domain.
```
whois [domain_name]
```
Show DNS information about a domain using the dig command.
```
dig [domain_name]
```
Do a reverse DNS lookup on the domain.
```
dig -x [domain_name]
```
Do a reverse DNS lookup of an IP address.
```
dig -x [IP_address]
```
Perform an IP lookup for a domain.
```
host [domain_name]
```
Show the local IP address.
```
hostname -I
```
Receive information about an internet domain.
```
nslookup [domain_name]
```

Variable Commands

Shell variables are a convenient way to store critical data in a reusable format. Below are commands to create, view, and remove variables in the shell.

Assign an integer value to a variable.
```
let "[variable_name]=[value]"
```
Export a Bash variable.
```
export [variable_name]
```
Declare a Bash variable.
```
declare [variable-name]= "[value]"
```
List the names of all the shell variables and functions.
```
set
```
Remove an environment variable.
```
unset [variable_name]
```
Display the value of a variable.
```
echo $[variable-name]
```

Shell Command Management

Several Linux commands enable managing command execution flow. Schedule commands or create shorter names for lengthy commands.

Create an alias for a command.
```
alias [alias-name]='[command]'
```
Set a custom interval to run a user-defined command.
```
watch -n [interval-in-seconds] [command]
```
Postpone the execution of a command.
```
sleep [time-interval] && [command]
```
Create a job to be executed at a certain time (Ctrl+D to exit prompt after you type in the command).
```
at [hh:mm]
```
Display a built-in manual for a command.
```
man [command]
```
Print the command history used in the terminal.
```
history
```

Note

Also check out our Bash commands cheat sheet.

Linux Shell Keyboard Shortcuts

The Linux shell contains several keyboard shortcuts that are important to know. The commands help control the terminal behavior in specific situations. The table below outlines the most important shortcuts.

Kill process running in the terminal.

Ctrl + C

Stop the current process. The process can be resumed in the foreground with fg or in the background with bg.

Ctrl + Z

Cut one word before the cursor and add it to the clipboard.

Ctrl + W

Cut part of the line before the cursor and add it to the clipboard.

Ctrl + U

Cut part of the line after the cursor and add it to the clipboard.

Ctrl + K

Paste from clipboard.

Ctrl + Y

Recall the last command that matches the provided characters.

Ctrl + R

Run the previously recalled command.

Ctrl + O

Exit command history without running a command.

Ctrl + G

Clear the terminal screen.

clear

Run the last command again.

!!

Log out of the current session.

exit

Linux Commands List

Hardware Information Commands

Searching Commands

File Commands

Directory Navigation Commands

File Compression Commands

File Transfer Commands

User and Group Commands

Package Installation Commands

Debian and Ubuntu-Based Distributions

Red Hat-Based Distributions (CentOS, Fedora)

Universal Linux Packages

Process Related Commands

System Management and Information Commands

Disk Usage Commands

SSH Login Commands

File Permission Commands

Network Commands

Variable Commands

Shell Command Management

Linux Shell Keyboard Shortcuts